《2018年度最佳碩士論文獎》

姓名：陳彥叡（國立清華大學台灣語言研究與教學所）

指導教授：葉瑞娟教授、楊中玉教授

論文題目：漢語疑問詞「怎麼」之左緣結構分析

中文摘要

本論文以句法製圖的方式分析漢語疑問詞「怎麼」句法位置。本研究主要聚焦位於 CP 層次中的疑問詞「怎麼」。在先前的研究中，已關注到位於模態詞之前的疑問詞有兩種功能，一種功能可作為疑問句詢問「起因」，另一種功能則作為答覆表達「否認」(Tsai 1999，2000，2007， 2008)。

然而，本篇認為疑問詞「怎麼」尚有兩個新的「怎麼」功能，這兩種「怎麼」的語力(illocutionary force)皆高於「否認」怎麼。一種「怎麼」為「強否認」，作為表達更高的語力，因此原先否認「怎麼」於本篇重新定義為「弱否認」。另一種「怎麼」表達否定語意，作為否定句子的命題。

本論文研究四種疑問詞「怎麼」：(1) 「起因」怎麼 (2) 「弱否認」怎麼 (3)「強否認」怎麼 (4) 「否定」怎麼。根據 CP 切割假說 (Split-CP hypothesis) (Rizzi 1997, 1999)，本篇認為疑問詞「怎麼」吻合 Tsai (1994，1999，2000，2007，2008)的研究，可繪製出清晰的句法與語意位址定位圖。

英文摘要

This thesis aims to map out the syntactic distribution of the wh-phrase zenme ‘how-come’ in Chinese under the cartographic approach. In this thesis, I focus on zenme which occurs in the CP domain. It has been observed that zenme in the pre-modal position can either serve as a question to ask the cause of an event (i.e., the causal zenme), or serve as a reply to deny the occurrence of an event (i.e., the denial zenme) (Tsai 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008).

        However, there are two more new usages of the wh-phrase zenme ‘how’ which both demonstrate even stronger illocutionary force than the denial zenme. One kind of zenme denotes a stronger degree of denial interpretation (hereafter the ‘strong denial or ‘s-denial’ for short) than that of denial zenme and thus the original denial zenme is henceforth viewed as the weak denial zenme (‘w-denial’ for short) in this thesis. Another usage of zenme denotes negative interpretation so as to negate the whole proposition that the sentence denotes.

        In this thesis, I investigate the four wh-phrase zenme's ‘how-come’: (1) the causal zenme, (2) the w-denial zenme, (3) the s-denial zenme, and (4) the negative zenme. Following Rizzi’s (1997, 1999) Split-CP hypothesis, I propose that the wh-phrase zenme ‘how-come’ in Chinese demonstrates a transparent mapping of syntax and semantics in line with Tsai (1994, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008).

論文貢獻

1. To clarify the definition of the wh-phrases zenme’s. In previous studies, it was hard to distinguish between the causal zenme and the denial zenme. I separate the causal zenme and the denial zenme and discover two new construals of zenme’s (the s-denial zenme and the negative zenme).

2. To map out the syntactic position of wh-phrases zenme’s ‘how-come’. On the surface, it seems that they are in the same word order, however, the four zenme’s are not be located in the same syntactic position of the underlying structure. I have taken the Split-CP Hypothesis to be the theoretical framework and have projected them to the CP domain. This, then, gives the cartography of the four wh-phrase zenme’s.

3. To investigate what determines the position of the wh-phrase zenme ‘how-come’. I demonstrate by testing the limitations of a wh-phrase zenme, this enables us to predict the interpretation of the wh-phrase zenme, and to explain the reasoning to Chinese learners in a more accurate and efficient way.